![]() Panoramic view (from left to right) of the Campanile (Leaning Tower of Pisa), the Pisa Cathedral, and the Pisa Baptistry in the Piazza dei Miracoli History following constructionīetween 15, Galileo Galilei, who lived in Pisa at the time, is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass, in keeping with the law of free fall. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the belfry with the Romanesque style of the tower. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese in the Battle of Meloria. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. ![]() In 1272, construction resumed under Di Simone. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. On 12 April 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto, and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. On 23 February 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni Pisano, was elected to oversee the building of the tower. On 27 December 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the tower's construction. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Construction was subsequently halted for the better part of a century, as the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa". This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. Ĭonstruction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. ![]() Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, known for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. There has been controversy surrounding the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The structure was stabilized by remedial work between 19, which reduced the tilt to 3.97 degrees. By 1990, the tilt had reached 5.5 degrees. It worsened through the completion of construction in the 14th century. The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight. The tower has 296 or 294 steps the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes (16,000 short tons). ![]() The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in). The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet 3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side. The tower is one of three structures in the Pisa's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo), which includes the cathedral and Pisa Baptistry. It is known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation. The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian: torre pendente di Pisa), or simply, the Tower of Pisa ( torre di Pisa ), is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral.
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